![]() ![]() So life was regulated by a vast array of beliefs and practices, taboos and injunctions, all designed to leash in these powers that held sway over human life. Some were benevolent, some were malicious all had to be conciliated through ritual offerings and appropriate behavior. ![]() The stones, the mountains, the trees, the streams and the rivers, and even the very air were full of these deities, ghosts and spirits. If fate smiled upon one, nature, too, would be kind but if one was cursed by fate, then even the elements would be hostile. Little distinction was made between the worlds of the living and the dead, between the human, the vegetable, the animal, and the mineral realms. Time was when the Vietnamese believed they inhabited a world alive with gods and spirits. One must begin with a sense of the richness and variety of traditional Vietnamese religion. ![]()
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